Cauda Equina Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome is a rare but serious spinal condition caused by severe compression and swelling of the nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. The term “cauda equina” is Latin for “horse’s tail” and describes the appearance of these nerves as they extend from the spinal cord into the lower limbs.

Cauda equina syndrome is a medical emergency that requires urgent assessment and, in many cases, prompt surgical treatment. Delays in treatment can result in permanent neurological damage, including paralysis, loss of bladder or bowel control and long-term difficulty walking.

Why Cauda Equina Syndrome Is an Emergency

When the nerve roots of the cauda equina are compressed, their function can deteriorate rapidly. Without timely intervention, patients may develop irreversible neurological deficits. Early diagnosis and urgent treatment are critical to improving outcomes.

Causes of Cauda Equina Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome occurs when there is compression of the nerve roots within the lumbar spine, often due to narrowing of the spinal canal. This pressure may result from a number of underlying causes, including:

  • Spinal conditions that compress the nerves in the lower back, most commonly lumbar disc herniation or lumbar spinal stenosis
  • Infection within the spinal canal, such as a spinal epidural abscess
  • Spinal tumours causing pressure on the nerves in the lower spine
  • Penetrating injuries to the lower back, such as gunshot or stab wounds
  • Trauma to the lumbar spine following a road traffic accident, fall or spinal surgery

Symptoms of Cauda Equina Syndrome

The symptoms of cauda equina syndrome can vary in severity and may develop suddenly or progressively. One or more of the following symptoms may be present:

  • Altered sensation, severe or progressive weakness, or numbness in the legs or feet, which may affect walking
  • Loss of sensation or abnormal sensation in the saddle area, including the inner thighs, buttocks, back of the legs or sacral region
  • Bladder or bowel dysfunction, including difficulty passing urine, urinary retention, incontinence or loss of bowel control
  • Lower back pain, often described as a deep aching pain
  • Sharp or stabbing pain radiating into one or both legs

Anyone experiencing symptoms suggestive of cauda equina syndrome should seek urgent medical attention. Assessment by a Spine Surgeon in Nottingham is essential to confirm the diagnosis and arrange appropriate emergency treatment.